Recovery Before Reform
The financial crisis that started in 2007 shrunk the world economy by 6% in two years, doubling unemployment. Its proximate cause was predatory bank lending, so people are naturally angry and want heads and bonuses to roll – a sentiment captured by the current worldwide protests against “Wall Street.”
The banks, however, are not just part of the problem, but an essential part of the solution. The same institutions that caused the crisis must help to solve it, by starting to lend again. With global demand flagging, the priority has to be recovery, without abandoning the goal of reform – a difficult line to tread politically.
The common ground of reform is the need to re-regulate the financial services industry. In the run-up to the crisis, experts loudly claimed that “efficient” financial markets could be safely left to regulate themselves. Reflecting the freebooting financial zeitgeist that prevailed at the time, the International Monetary Fund declared in 2006 that “the dispersion of credit risk by banks to a broader and more diverse group of investors…has helped make the banking and overall financial system more resilient…” As a result, “the commercial banks may be less vulnerable to…shocks.”
It is impossible not to hear in such nonsense the cocksure drumbeat of the Money Power, which has never failed to identify the public interest with its own. For 50 years after the Great Depression of the 1930’s, the Money Power was held to account by the countervailing power of government. At the heart of the political check was America’s Glass-Steagall Act of 1933.
Glass-Steagall aimed to prevent commercial banks from gambling with their depositors’ money by mandating the institutional separation of retail and investment banking. The result was 65 years of relative financial stability. In what economists later called the “repressed” financial system, retail banks fulfilled the necessary function of financial intermediation without taking on suicidal risks, while the government kept aggregate demand high enough to maintain a full-employment level of investment.
Then the Money Power struck back, aided and abetted by its apologist cohort of economists. The Big Bang of 1986 in London ended the separation of banking functions in the United Kingdom. After prolonged lobbying by the financial-services industry, US President Bill Clinton repealed Glass-Steagall in 1999. From that point on, commercial and investment banks could merge, and the composite entities were authorized to provide a full range of banking services, including underwriting and other trading activities.
This was part of a wave of deregulation that swept away Franklin Roosevelt’s promise to “chase the money changers from the temple.” Clinton also refused to regulate credit-default swaps, and the US Securities and Exchange Commission allowed banks to triple their leverage. These three decisions led directly to the sub-prime extravaganza that brought down the US banking system in 2007-2008.
Since that crash, efforts have been made to reconstruct the dismantled system of financial regulation in order to prevent the “over-lending” that led to the collapse. The new doctrine is called “macro-prudential regulation.” Under an international agreement known as Basel III, banks are to be required to hold a higher ratio of equity capital against “risk-weighted assets,” and leverage is to be limited to a smaller percentage of such assets. National regulators are exploring ways to vary ratio requirements over the business cycle, and have started subjecting banks to regular “stress tests.”
In the UK, a Financial Policy Committee within the Bank of England is to monitor the “systemic risk” of financial failure, with a Prudential Regulatory Authority supervising systemically important institutions. According to monetary economist Charles Goodhart, a significantly faster-than-normal growth rate for bank credit, house prices, and leverage will give the authorities sufficient warning of impending crisis.
The new orthodoxy places its faith in regulators’ ability to improve on banks’ measurement of risk, while leaving the structure of the banking system unchanged. But, when it comes to upping equity requirements against “risk-weighted assets,” who is to do the weighting, and according to what methodology?
Goodhart concedes that banks’ “risk weightings” in the pre-recession period were subject to political pressure and “financial-industry capture and manipulation.” This is inevitable, because, as John Maynard Keynes pointed out, the “riskiness” of many investments, being subject to inherent uncertainty, is immeasurable. In short, the new regulatory philosophy replaces the illusion that banks can safely be left to manage their risks with the illusion that regulators will do it for them.
Meanwhile, initial enthusiasm for restoring Glass-Steagall – breaking up banking functions into separate institutions – has fallen by the wayside. It is only logical that banks with state-guaranteed deposits should be safe and boring, with other necessary, but risky activities hived off to separate companies. But little progress has been made in (re)implementing this idea.
The “Volcker rule,” whereby commercial banks would be barred from trading on their own account, and from owning hedge funds and private-equity firms, languishes in Congress. In the UK, an Independent Commission on Banking, headed by Sir John Vickers, rejected separation of retail from investment banking, recommending instead “ring-fencing” deposits from the investment arms of universal banks.
Trust-busters argue that such “Chinese walls” always break down under pressure, owing to huge shareholder demand for universal banks to boost profits at the expense of a sound commercial banking core. And senior executives will still have a legal obligation to maximize profits. The Vickers commission’s proposals also depend on sophisticated regulation, which assumes, against history, that regulators will always be one step ahead of bankers.
The Money Power never surrenders easily. Whether relying on regulation, or gesturing towards institutional separation, most proposals for banking reform remain at the drawing-board stage, and are sure to be emasculated by financial lobbies.
Moreover, whatever their intrinsic merits, none of these proposals addresses the global economy’s most immediate problem: undersupply, not oversupply, of credit. In other words, the challenge is to revive lending growth in full awareness that we must begin devising ways to rein it in.
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7 comments on "Recovery Before Reform"
October 23, 2011 12:04am
What a great story. Nobody should have been surprised by this. Go back and read what Sen. Byron Dorgan, D-ND, said on the day the Senate passed the repeal of Glass-Steagall in 1999.
Unfortunately, the bill was pushed through by the lackey of the banking industry, Sen. Phill Gramm, R-TX. He also sponsored and rammed through the bill deregulating derivatives. This also figured in the banking collapse. Because what these banks who made the bad loans that they knew the mortgage payers could not possibly repay, did was gamble with derivatives that the loans would fail. Banks, in effect, were acting like casinos.
There was, unfortunately, another major player and he was a Democrat -- William Jefferson Clinton. I was a Clinton backer and overall he was a good president. However, Clinton tended to be a corporatist at times.
The two worst decisions he made during his presidency was to sign the two Gramm banking deregulation bills. The other was to sign a measure to ease and greatly expand media consolidation. As a former reporter I have strong feelings about that, but I have written a lot of posts about that, so I'll leave it alone here.
Gramm soon left the Senate and became a lobbyist for Swiss giant bank UBS. The bank got into some legal problem because it hid money formany Americans from the IRS. It was one of thebanks that ended up having to get TARP bailout money,
By the way, TARP was started under George W. the Schlemiel Bush and was continued under Obama. However, some Republican lawmakers -- because it is so unpopular with the Tea Party element -- are having Alzheimer's type memory losses. But, gang, the measure was supported, pushed through and votes were rounded up for by now House Speaker John the Boner Boehner, who likes to play over 100 rounds of golf with powerful Wall Street lobbyists; Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and Sen. John McCain, the 2008 Republican presidential nominee.
The bailout did save the banks. But it should have required with it stronger banking reforms, including the re-enctment of Glass-Steagall, and passing a law re-regulating derivative. It should also have had a provision encouraging or requiring banks to make money available under reasonable conditions to businesses. Instead greedy Republicans are not only advocating "more deregulation," but also vowing to repeal the reforms passed by the last Congress. Don't they ever learn. They want to go back to the failed policies the Schlemiel used to mismanage us into the great economic mess they now say they want to clean up.
By the way, Gramm is one of those Republican hypocrites and power player who moves in and out of government carrying the corporate interests with him. He was a conservative Democrat until it became acceptable in Texas to become a Republican. He spent the Vietnam War being an economics professor, but had no hesitation calling Clinton "a draft dodger."
While he was a UBS lobbyist, he became chief economic adviser to McCain in the 2008 presidential campaign. Had McCain won he would have become his treasury secretary.
These major players who move in an out of government are one of the problems why the American people get screwed. They alone justify the Occupy Wall Street Protest.
However, the bottom line is the money of corporations has totally corrupted our political system. In Citizens United, the corporate GOP majority on the US Supreme Court, has practically legalized corporate bribery. And currently a lot of that money can be distributed without even requiring disclosure.
Folks, the American people need to know this information. The corporate media pretty much shields the corporate world from too much exposure. That is why I am calling on all of you to make available and discuss the money world of corporate America on our politics. That is why articles like this plus the commentary with it need to be e-mailed to as many of your friends, relatives and co-workers as possibleu. Please ask them to do likewise and encourage them to fight back. Please give everything maximum exposure by posting such information on your website and sites of your social media sites. Please stay active, go to meetings of Democratic Clubs, progressive and liberal organizations, write letters to the editor and sign appropriate petitions. And help support Occupy Wall Street. Together we shall overcome! And yes we CAN! Ray A. Cohn
October 22, 2011 8:53am
Banks as part of the solution?
First, we have to kill off their "Piratical Capitalism" tactics.
Let’s wake up America!
The 1% of Piratical Capitalists are strangling the other 99% of Americans and the rest of the world to death!
I’m sick and tired of the Democrats, the Republicans, the tea party, and the news media!
I’m sick and tired of listening to incessant political nonsense while we the people, are losing everything!
Are we supposed to remain passive while we lose our jobs, our homes, our families, our health, our savings, our future, and our lives!? Are we…really!?!?! Do you people out there want to let this happen!?
Are we just supposed to lie down and die?! Sure, greedy corporations and the elite rich would love that wouldn’t they? If we’re dead, then we can’t cause any trouble. If we’re dead, then we can’t come after them!
We’ve been blind and passive way too long. We keep dancing around the real solution here, while the rich pay off our politicians and the courts to stay free and so they can repeatedly rape us!
No-way, it’s time we put a stop to this! They need a lesson here. Unfortunately, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution were necessary because the royals and elite rich just never did get it. They didn’t care that millions of people were being hurt or dying because of them.
We have that same exact international situation right here…right now. We’re not dead yet, and there are millions and millions of us around the world. And that, is OUR POWER!
People, we are in the midst of a Global Revolution! It’s happening now and it’s time we pulled these arrogant royals off of their thrones. Yes people, IT’S TIME IT GOT UGLY!
This is why.
THE NEW AMERICAN PIRATES, ARE KILLING AMERICANS.
This is not about glamorized or fictional piracy. This is, “real piracy.”
Hundreds of our wealthiest leaders and most powerful corporations know that in the next few years, they will be able to siphon, skim, and steal, so much “NEW CASH,” that they and their progeny will be ultra-rich for generations to come.
Welcome to the modern “Piratical Capitalism” movement. And, welcome to WAR!
No, this is not funny, or fiction, or a conspiracy, it is just simple greed and simple theft.
The new pirates of America have launched an all-out siege on us…the 99%, in order to capture, amass, and hold many trillions of dollars for themselves.
All of the recent political power grabs and nonsensical debating is purely a slight-of-hand deflection. President Obama, Democrats, Republicans, the International Press, and even the Tea Party, are watching the tiny pea in the shell game…while the rich and powerful “Piratical Right” is stealing America right out from under us.
Consider that their combined total plunder from corporate flipping, downsizing, offshore labor, speculation, price fixing of oil and energy plus, corruption in defense, health care, banking, student loans, foreclosures, etc., etc., is a trillion dollar treasure for these pirates.
Go ahead, put your own calculator to it.
Are they smarter than we are? Yes, and they are laughing at us. I, we, you, and all of us, have not been able see the big picture of what is happening to our own country and to our own people. The rape and theft of America, has been cleverly packaged, promoted, and sold under the guise of “cost-cutting,” “deregulation,” and “free enterprise.”
The “Piratical Right” is directly responsible for millions of people dying, getting sick, losing their jobs and homes, losing their ability to fight, their spirit, and even losing their will to live. The sick smell of this carnage now permeates the air across America.
To us, this is all unimaginable, because we look for some sense or the morality of things. These modern-day American pirates however, have no moral compass. They are devoid of any conscience, humanity or soul, and are feeding on the flesh of the American people.
Don’t look to the President, the Senate, Congress, the press, or any political party to help. Sadly, they just don’t see it, don’t care, or are part of it. “We the people” are on our own. Start asking questions. Demand answers. If we don’t fight back America…who will!?
History has taught us how to stop piracy!
October 22, 2011 7:28am
Any long term solution that continues modern casino capitalism any form is not acceptable. Capitalism IS slavery.
October 23, 2011 3:48am
Republicans call it unnecessary regulation. But, of course, everything they are advocating was part of the failed policies of the failed oilman/president George W. Bush, the ultimate Schlemiel. What we have to point out their playbook consists of the exact policies that resulted in mismanagement of economy into the worst recession since the Great Depression.
These policies resulted in eight million Americans losing their jobs, Chrysler and General Motors nearly collapsing, the housing market crash, the demise of Enron, banks collapsing and requiring the TARP bailout to save the banking system and Bernard Madoff having a Ponzi Scheme for almost the entire Bushista administration.
Is this what they want to go back to?Ask your Republican friends how they are going to clean up George II's mess by implementing the same policies that got us here. Going back to failed policies of someone who had a knack for running businesses into the ground is clearly not the answer. Ray A. Cohn
October 21, 2011 12:29pm
Of course the Glass-Steagall Act was the basis for reform after the Crash of 1929 and as FDR won after three presidents, Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, America was ready for reform. History did repeat itself, but this time the corporations made sure that a corporate president was elected and no substantial reform took place. As we sit at home and watch the middle class disappear as 73 years have forgotten of what took place in 1933. A whole lifetime passed and the gambling with depositors money became allowable again. But the sad part about the history of all of this is that neither parties in general really ever stop the actions of deregulating the banking system.
It was a new era, but whatever happened in this new era when the 21st century arose is a period of dreadful consequences. But the real tragedy is President Clinton essentially sold the American people out. Why, we are at the will of the banks who themselves went bankrupt only to be bailed out by the system. That is the figureheads of GW Bush and Obama who used TARP essentially to do the will of the banking system.
Truly Wall St. and the Banking system is dysfunctional. It no longer serves the public and has lead to this surge of unemployment, but the main obstacle itself is the inability to reform the system, because they hold all the finances and the lobbyists who determine and have paid Congress to do their will. Truly this has to be one of the main reasons for the OWS and demonstrations throughout the United States and even spilling out into Europe. We can analyze until we have all lost our energy and the will to do anything else. We should at least vent our anger through the demonstrations and push for reform.
The reality is, we must is to get the jobs back into the public and curb this recession by empowering the working class. The working class is the soul of the tax base, not Wall St. Wall St. only works because so far they have relied upon a globalized system, however it is headed for a downfall if it continues to ravage the public in it's predatory system. As it is. interest rate is the lowest at this point and this is the time in which there is a window of opportunity to build the jobs. Sadly, the Republican and right wing system is bent upon austerity as a remedy. That will not work. Poverty is slavery. Slavery will not produce in any form any advances in technology or an intellectually competent society. It will force a system as unjust as the direction we are headed through globalization, privatization and the ownership going to the elite 1% . That is truly sad that freedom is slowing diminishing through the extremist policies pushed by the right wing and corporate system.
October 23, 2011 4:04am
The problem with the banking system, is they have gone back to the non-regulation policies of Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover. Of course that brought on the Great Depression.
We had the Glass-Steagall Act and the law regulating derivatives since the New Deal with great success, On the day in November of 1999 that they repealed Glass-Steagall Sen. Byron Dorgan, D-ND, predicted what would happen to our banking system within a decade.
He had it exactly right. Now Republicans want to go back to those failed policies. They are the exact failed policies George II used to get us into this mess.
Now you want the policies of George W. the ultimate Schlemiel Bush that got us into this recession to get us out? I really have to wonder did John the Boner Boehner play golf together with lobbyists to get his plus 100 rounds of golf? Or maybe too many of these Republican workers taking the same drugs as thrice divorced and four times married "family values" drug junkie? Their policy makes no sense what so ever. Ray A. Cohn
October 22, 2011 7:42am
Truly an insightful and accurate assessment of our current dilemma.